TY  - JOUR
AB  - Introduction: When humans interact with artificial intelligence (AI), one desideratum is appropriate trust. Typically, appropriate trust encompasses that humans trust AI except for instances in which they either explicitly notice AI errors or are suspicious that errors could be present. So far, appropriate trust or related notions have mainly been investigated by assessing trust and reliance. In this contribution, we argue that these assessments are insufficient to measure the complex aim of appropriate trust and the related notion of healthy distrust. We introduce and test the perspective of covert visual attention as an additional indicator for appropriate trust and draw conceptual connections to the notion of healthy distrust. Methods: To test the validity of our conceptualization, we formalize visual attention using the Theory of Visual Attention and measure its properties that are potentially relevant to appropriate trust and healthy distrust in an image classification task. Based on temporal-order judgment performance, we estimate participants’ attentional capacity and attentional weight toward correct and incorrect mock-up AI classifications. Results and discussion: We observe that misclassifications reduce attentional capacity compared to correct classifications. However, our results do not indicate that this reduction is beneficial for a subsequent judgment of the classifications. The attentional weighting is not affected by the classifications’ correctness but by the difficulty of categorizing the stimuli themselves. We discuss these results, their implications, and the limited potential for using visual attention as an indicator of appropriate trust and healthy distrust.
AU  - Peters, Tobias M.
AU  - Biermeier, Kai
AU  - Scharlau, Ingrid
DO  - 10.17619/UNIPB/1-2486
PB  - Universitätsbibliothek
DP  - Universität Paderborn
LA  - eng
PY  - 2026
SN  - 1664-1078
SP  - 1 Online-Ressource (Seite 1-17) : Illustrationen, Diagramme
T2  - Frontiers in Psychology
TI  - Assessing healthy distrust in human-AI interaction: interpreting changes in visual attention
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:466:2-57100
Y2  - 2026-01-20T06:25:37
ER  -